{"id":4460,"date":"2025-09-22T21:30:13","date_gmt":"2025-09-22T19:30:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/balteiro.com\/?p=4460"},"modified":"2025-09-23T05:48:21","modified_gmt":"2025-09-23T03:48:21","slug":"malos-servicios-disservices","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/balteiro.com\/pt-pt\/malos-servicios-disservices\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cMalos Servicios\u201d (Disservices)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u201c<em>For valuing forest ecosystem services and disservices, economic valuation techniques have been used<\/em>\u201d:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoser.2016.05.001\">Ninan &amp; Kontoleon<\/a>&nbsp;(2016)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cuando se habla de servicios ecosist\u00e9micos, en los \u00faltimos tiempos no resulta infrecuente leer trabajos donde se refieren a lo que en la literatura inglesa se denomina \u201c<em>disservice<\/em>\u201d. Es decir, perjuicios o externalidades negativas causadas por promover, si estamos en un contexto forestal, alguna actuaci\u00f3n, o por simplemente justificar acciones a favor de cierto servicio ecosist\u00e9mico pero que conllevan problemas con relaci\u00f3n a otro o, incluso, impactar en el bienestar de la poblaci\u00f3n. Un ejemplo muy claro de lo que estoy hablando ha sido la aparici\u00f3n en zonas de China de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.elconfidencial.com\/tecnologia\/ciencia\/2025-08-01\/gran-muralla-verde-china-epidemia-alergias-polen-artemisa_4183830\/\">problemas de alergia<\/a>s en la poblaci\u00f3n motivados por la elecci\u00f3n de especies en el proyecto de forestaci\u00f3n estrella de su gobierno. La idea inicial, que parec\u00eda perfecta de antemano, era combatir la expansi\u00f3n de la erosi\u00f3n mediante cubierta arb\u00f3rea, se ha topado con efectos no deseados, como lo constituye la proliferaci\u00f3n de alergias respiratorias, un caso de \u201cmal servicio\u201d de manual. Por cierto, la traducci\u00f3n literal de esta expresi\u00f3n (\u201cdeservicio\u201d) se ha utilizado en tanto en obras&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/pombo.free.fr\/pigou1920.pdf\">seminales<\/a>&nbsp;de la Econom\u00eda del Bienestar como en otros \u00e1mbitos (an\u00e1lisis de inversiones) con un enfoque parecido, pero no parece correcto su uso viendo el&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/dle.rae.es\/deservicio\">significado<\/a>&nbsp;que se incluye en la actualidad en el Diccionario de la Lengua Espa\u00f1ola. Por ello, creo que se deber\u00eda obviar este t\u00e9rmino mientras no se incluya una nueva acepci\u00f3n en el citado diccionario.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"796\" src=\"https:\/\/balteiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Firefly_forest-ecosystem-disservices-in-an-uneven-aged-stands-992042-1024x796.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4455\" srcset=\"https:\/\/balteiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Firefly_forest-ecosystem-disservices-in-an-uneven-aged-stands-992042-1024x796.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/balteiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Firefly_forest-ecosystem-disservices-in-an-uneven-aged-stands-992042-300x233.jpg 300w, https:\/\/balteiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Firefly_forest-ecosystem-disservices-in-an-uneven-aged-stands-992042-768x597.jpg 768w, https:\/\/balteiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Firefly_forest-ecosystem-disservices-in-an-uneven-aged-stands-992042-1536x1195.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/balteiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Firefly_forest-ecosystem-disservices-in-an-uneven-aged-stands-992042-2048x1593.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La idea inicial que quisiera mostrar es que, a veces, no s\u00f3lo hay que hablar de servicios ecosist\u00e9micos, o paradigmas en muchos casos de lo que se conoce como externalidades positivas, sino tambi\u00e9n de externalidades negativas asociadas a dichos servicios. Aunque no abundan muchas clasificaciones al respecto, a efectos ilustrativos se puede resumir que existen en la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.indic.2025.100612\">literatura<\/a>&nbsp;tipolog\u00edas muy claras donde se producen este tipo de externalidades negativas en entornos arbolados. Por un lado, estar\u00edan las asociadas al arbolado urbano y periurbano (adem\u00e1s de las citadas alergias se podr\u00edan incluir los problemas que pueden causar ciertas especies a infraestructuras o el riesgo de ca\u00edda de \u00e1rboles con da\u00f1os estructurales), pero tambi\u00e9n se pueden citar otros tipos. Uno ser\u00eda el asociado a la interacci\u00f3n con animales salvajes, y aqu\u00ed entrar\u00edan varias situaciones problem\u00e1ticas: desde los accidentes de tr\u00e1fico hasta la introducci\u00f3n de especies invasoras o el riesgo de picaduras de garrapatas. Incluso hay autores que han recopilado&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoser.2025.101707\">recientemente<\/a>&nbsp;a nivel mundial las externalidades negativas proporcionadas a la poblaci\u00f3n por aves tan emblem\u00e1ticas como los b\u00fahos y lechuzas. Concluyen que casi todas ellas proceden de supersticiones, pero son dif\u00edciles de erradicar.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Si se revisan aspectos m\u00e1s propios de la gesti\u00f3n forestal, existen tambi\u00e9n ejemplos notorios. Por ejemplo, cuando se deciden actuaciones que conlleven la transformaci\u00f3n de una masa regular a una irregular pueden aparecer problemas asociados con la percepci\u00f3n que tienen los visitantes de la nueva estructura. As\u00ed, est\u00e1 documentado que, para algunos, el paisaje se vuelve menos atractivo e incluso induce un miedo at\u00e1vico.&nbsp;&nbsp;Otro ejemplo m\u00e1s com\u00fan ser\u00eda el dise\u00f1o de plantaciones forestales con unas densidades iniciales muy altas que puedan causar problemas por un&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0378112719305961\">elevado consumo de agua<\/a>&nbsp;y ello pueda afectar a otros stakeholders. Tambi\u00e9n se habla bastante, y por desgracia, en las \u00faltimas semanas de los efectos negativos para la salud humana del humo asociado a los incendios forestales. En definitiva, y sin \u00e1nimo de ser exhaustivo, este tipo de externalidades negativas incluyen da\u00f1os, perjuicios, molestias y otros efectos adversos motivados por ciertos sistemas forestales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Toda esta lista de posibles externalidades negativas no debe desviarnos de lo que es verdaderamente importante en lo comentado hasta ahora. La primera idea es que las valoraciones de los servicios ecosist\u00e9micos debieran ser netas, es decir, computar tanto los servicios ecosist\u00e9micos como los potenciales \u201cmalos servicios\u201d o las externalidades negativas asociadas en cada caso, y haciendo hincapi\u00e9 en contextos y realidades locales. La segunda idea es que resulta muy interesante e instructivo que cale la idea seg\u00fan la cual la agregaci\u00f3n de servicios ecosist\u00e9micos no resulta tan sencilla o lineal. No por considerar un n\u00famero mayor de servicios ecosist\u00e9micos va a implicar siempre que el valor total por hect\u00e1rea se incremente. Es decir, hay trade-offs (en el sentido original del t\u00e9rmino: intercambios positivos y negativos) entre los servicios ecosist\u00e9micos, y esta situaci\u00f3n debe manejarla el gestor. Por poner un ejemplo sencillo, se piensa que manejar una masa forestal centr\u00e1ndose en un objetivo principal de captura de carbono va a ser siempre la mejor soluci\u00f3n para conservar la biodiversidad. La respuesta a esta afirmaci\u00f3n no es tan directa, ya que eso depender\u00e1 del punto de partida, de los objetivos de la gesti\u00f3n y de los servicios ecosist\u00e9micos que se integren en el an\u00e1lisis. As\u00ed, no resulta dif\u00edcil encontrar art\u00edculos cient\u00edficos donde se demuestra c\u00f3mo la estrategia \u00f3ptima para maximizar el carbono en un sistema forestal no proporciona el valor ideal para la conservaci\u00f3n de la biodiversidad.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Y todo ello conlleva a otra conclusi\u00f3n obvia: es el gestor el que deber\u00eda promover las actuaciones que estime convenientes para, por un lado, maximizar el valor de los servicios ecosist\u00e9micos analizados que proporciona el sistema forestal analizado y, por otro lado, minimizar las externalidades negativas asociadas (aunque raramente se han considerado simult\u00e1neamente). Se trata de un problema con criterios m\u00faltiples, bajo el paraguas de factores din\u00e1micos, acechados por riesgos bi\u00f3ticos y abi\u00f3ticos y donde se debe tener en cuenta la opini\u00f3n de la propiedad y los stakeholders involucrados. Pues bien, la compleja resoluci\u00f3n de este rompecabezas s\u00f3lo puede proporcionarse desde el punto de vista t\u00e9cnico. Aqu\u00ed no valen soluciones monocriterio propuestas por acomplejados que piensan que poner una cifra econ\u00f3mica a un servicio ecosist\u00e9mico es como ensuciar o mercantilizar sin remedio un sistema forestal, por cierto ya secularmente antropizado. Por otro lado, no se debe de olvidar que para ejecutar convenientemente esta toma de decisiones hacen falta informaciones asociadas al valor de los diferentes servicios ecosist\u00e9micos. La pregunta final es: \u00bfest\u00e1 dispuesta la Administraci\u00f3n a proporcionar estos valores mediante ejercicios solventes desde el punto de vista cient\u00edfico y que puedan desarrollar herramientas v\u00e1lidas para el d\u00eda a d\u00eda del gestor? Si la respuesta es negativa, ya saben a lo que estamos abocados: seguiremos hablando, por ejemplo, para categorizar la gravedad de un incendio forestal de m\u00e9tricas (o KPIs) extremadamente avanzadas y rupturistas como puede ser el\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/balteiro.com\/pt-pt\/la-propiedad-y-los-incendios-forestales\/\">n\u00famero de hect\u00e1reas<\/a>\u00a0quemadas o la suig\u00e9neris contabilidad del n\u00famero de dispositivos y personal empleados, mientras, curiosamente, se mantiene un apag\u00f3n informativo desde el a\u00f1o 2015 sobre otras informaciones cuantitativas sobre el valor de las hect\u00e1reas quemadas en poder del MITERD.\u00a0 Hablar de bioeconom\u00eda forestal, de capital natural, de protecci\u00f3n de los bosques y no proponer sistemas para la valoraci\u00f3n neta de los servicios ecosist\u00e9micos asociados a los mismos es simplemente (y valga la redundancia) humo.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cFor valuing forest ecosystem services and disservices, economic valuation techniques have been used\u201d:&nbsp;Ninan &amp; Kontoleon&nbsp;(2016) Cuando se habla de servicios ecosist\u00e9micos, en los \u00faltimos tiempos no resulta infrecuente leer trabajos donde se refieren a lo que en la literatura inglesa se denomina \u201cdisservice\u201d. Es decir, perjuicios o externalidades negativas causadas por promover, si estamos en [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4457,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_editorskit_title_hidden":false,"_editorskit_reading_time":0,"_editorskit_is_block_options_detached":false,"_editorskit_block_options_position":"{}","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[73,324,56],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4460","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gestion-forestal-pt-pt","category-servicios-ecosistemicos-pt-pt","category-valoracion-pt-pt"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u201cMalos Servicios\u201d (Disservices) - Luis D\u00edaz Balteiro<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/balteiro.com\/pt-pt\/malos-servicios-disservices\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u201cMalos Servicios\u201d (Disservices) - Luis D\u00edaz Balteiro\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u201cFor valuing forest ecosystem services and disservices, economic valuation techniques have been used\u201d:&nbsp;Ninan &amp; Kontoleon&nbsp;(2016) Cuando se habla de servicios ecosist\u00e9micos, en los \u00faltimos tiempos no resulta infrecuente leer trabajos donde se refieren a lo que en la literatura inglesa se denomina \u201cdisservice\u201d. 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