{"id":3906,"date":"2024-11-25T19:56:09","date_gmt":"2024-11-25T17:56:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/balteiro.com\/?p=3906"},"modified":"2024-11-25T19:56:10","modified_gmt":"2024-11-25T17:56:10","slug":"un-mercado-global-de-carbono-cop-29","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/balteiro.com\/pt-pt\/un-mercado-global-de-carbono-cop-29\/","title":{"rendered":"Un mercado global de carbono (COP 29)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u201c<em>From a global market perspective, the second major achievement of the EU ETS has been to establish a carbon price signal that is internalized by market players around the world<\/em> \u201d. Ellerman et al.: Pricing Carbon. The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (2010)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hace no muchas horas ha finalizado la \u00faltima reuni\u00f3n anual de la Conferencia de las Partes (<a href=\"https:\/\/cop29.az\/en\/home\">COP 29<\/a>) celebrada en Bak\u00fa. Aunque no la he seguido a fondo, los medios han prestado mucha atenci\u00f3n al acuerdo final sobre unas ingentes cantidades monetarias que se deben transferir a los pa\u00edses en desarrollo para que adopten medidas contra el cambio clim\u00e1tico. Ha habido mucha controversia sobre la cifra final, dado que lo que se ped\u00eda desde estos pa\u00edses a las naciones m\u00e1s ricas era una cifra mucho mayor. Quiz\u00e1 la cercan\u00eda de la reuni\u00f3n celebrada en\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cop16colombia.com\/es\/\">Cali<\/a>\u00a0del Convenio por la Diversidad Biol\u00f3gica y sus, para algunos participantes, decepcionantes conclusiones, ha avivado dicha controversia.\u00a0\u00a0No voy a entrar en ese debate, pero me llama la atenci\u00f3n que se midan econ\u00f3micamente unos hipot\u00e9ticos da\u00f1os asociados al cambio clim\u00e1tico sin, hasta lo que yo s\u00e9, conocer el valor, hoy en d\u00eda, del conjunto de los servicios ecosist\u00e9micos a nivel global. Parecer\u00eda coherente tener un punto de partida claro para comparar un escenario y otro y sacar consecuencias al respecto, pero supongo que habr\u00e1 evaluaciones al respecto que desconozco. Por otro lado, conviene no olvidarse que ya ha habido precedentes de acuerdos de transferencias de dinero en esa misma direcci\u00f3n, y que no han cumplido todas las expectativas. Un ejemplo muy claro se puede ver siguiendo las conclusiones las sucesivas reuniones a partir de la COP13 relacionadas con el programa REDD+. La conclusi\u00f3n es que sigue faltando financiaci\u00f3n para estos proyectos, tanto de car\u00e1cter p\u00fablico (v\u00e9ase el caso de\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/balteiro.com\/pt-pt\/62_redd-una-oportunidad-perdida-en-espana\/\">Espa\u00f1a<\/a>) como privado.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/balteiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Firefly-cenital-view-of-silvicultural-activities-in-a-dense-forest-6571-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3901\" style=\"width:1043px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/balteiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Firefly-cenital-view-of-silvicultural-activities-in-a-dense-forest-6571-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/balteiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Firefly-cenital-view-of-silvicultural-activities-in-a-dense-forest-6571-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/balteiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Firefly-cenital-view-of-silvicultural-activities-in-a-dense-forest-6571-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/balteiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Firefly-cenital-view-of-silvicultural-activities-in-a-dense-forest-6571-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/balteiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Firefly-cenital-view-of-silvicultural-activities-in-a-dense-forest-6571-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/balteiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Firefly-cenital-view-of-silvicultural-activities-in-a-dense-forest-6571.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sin embargo, el principal motivo para comentar los resultados de esta cumbre es el otro tema de impacto sobre el que ha habido acuerdo. Se trata de cerrar ya los flecos restantes del acuerdo de Par\u00eds (o sea, de hace 10 a\u00f1os: la toma de decisiones y su implementaci\u00f3n en este campo es extraordinariamente lenta) y desarrollar un mercado global de carbono. Entiendo que los detalles t\u00e9cnicos a\u00fan no se han hecho p\u00fablicos, pero, en cualquier caso, creo que conviene reflexionar sobre la existencia de este mercado y sus implicaciones no tanto a nivel macro o de pa\u00eds, sino a nivel micro, es decir, a nivel de la toma de decisiones de los que ofertan estos cr\u00e9ditos y de los agentes econ\u00f3micos que los compran. Dos de las medidas m\u00e1s com\u00fanmente aceptadas para abordar las externalidades negativas provocadas por un exceso de emisiones son el establecimiento de mercados para estimular reducciones en dichas emisiones y\/o la fijaci\u00f3n de impuestos para, entre otras razones, disuadir el consumo. Si se hablara de un impuesto global sobre el carbono, muchos lo ver\u00edan de una aplicaci\u00f3n muy complicada dadas las diferencias existentes tanto en las pol\u00edticas econ\u00f3micas como en la gobernanza, ya no s\u00f3lo de los pa\u00edses, sino de grupos de pa\u00edses bien diferenciados. De igual forma, hablar de un mercado transnacional puede tener beneficios a la hora de reducir la volatilidad de los precios de estos cr\u00e9ditos, pero sin embargo puede acarrear riesgos y problemas si no se analizan sus implicaciones. Por otro lado, si los c\u00e1lculos que realizan los expertos en mercados voluntarios de carbono, y que cifran en una demanda en 2030 muy superior a la oferta prevista, s\u00ed que tiene todo el sentido aumentar el n\u00famero de opciones para cubrir dicha demanda. Sin embargo, conviene recordar que hoy en d\u00eda el intercambio anual de cr\u00e9ditos en estos mercados es residual frente al conjunto de las emisiones a nivel mundial (menos del 0,5%) y que ha sufrido un cierto estancamiento en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os. En definitiva, aunque se espera que la demanda crezca notablemente por el incremento obligatorio de la descarbonizaci\u00f3n en muchos sectores durante los pr\u00f3ximos a\u00f1os, ser\u00eda bueno conocer las cifras de dichas estimaciones. En definitiva, las inc\u00f3gnitas son a\u00fan muy abundantes, pero con independencia de otras consideraciones, hay una cuesti\u00f3n de fondo que podr\u00eda explicarse con detalle: \u00bfse van a convertir estos cr\u00e9ditos una \u201c<em>commodity<\/em>\u201d al uso, como lo ha sido hace lustros en Estados Unidos, o bien se pretende que no tengan nada que ver con otras \u201c<em>commodities<\/em>\u201d de tipo agr\u00edcola, geol\u00f3gico o energ\u00e9tico?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Se puede pronosticar que, con relaci\u00f3n a este nuevo mercado, aparecer\u00e1n cr\u00edticas por razones diversas. Quiz\u00e1 habr\u00e1 stakeholders que no tengan claro las implicaciones de soluciones basadas en el mercado (algunos, por cierto, desde\u00f1an cualquier concepto que lleve consigo esta palabra, por razones ideol\u00f3gicas o por puro desconocimiento), pero aquellos que conocen alg\u00fan mercado de estas caracter\u00edsticas se preguntar\u00e1n al leer esta noticia c\u00f3mo puede afectar a sus cr\u00e9ditos, a sus inversiones, a sus plantaciones o a los costes de transacci\u00f3n de todo este proceso. Por ejemplo, aunque en algunas declaraciones se utiliza el concepto en plural (mercados de carbono) no me ha quedado claro lo que va a pasar con los mercados ya existentes, sean regulados o voluntarios y el papel que, por ejemplo, juegan en este proceso intermediarios y verificadores bien conocidos por todos. Por otro lado, si existe un mercado global ello tambi\u00e9n obliga a definir uno (o varios) cr\u00e9ditos asociados a la captura de carbono de \u00e1mbito global. Ello significa que las condiciones b\u00e1sicas que deben de cumplir, por ejemplo, las ganancias de carbono asociadas a una forestaci\u00f3n deben ser homog\u00e9neas y de calidad (adicionalidad, permanencia, ausencia de fugas, que no exista una doble contabilizaci\u00f3n, etc.) en cualquier parte del mundo y, adem\u00e1s, presentar atributos similares a los de los proyectos REDD+ en pa\u00edses en v\u00edas de desarrollo. Y eso exige protocolos comunes y condiciones similares (verificaciones, etc.) para evitar cualquier disfunci\u00f3n en dicho mercado. Por otro lado, y desde el punto de vista institucional ser\u00eda interesante conocer las implicaciones en las regulaciones regionales, nacionales y, supongo que (dada su lentitud en aprobar normas al respecto), europeas, as\u00ed como posibles v\u00ednculos con otros servicios ecosist\u00e9micos (biodiversidad).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Desde el punto de vista del propietario forestal, he detectado que en una de las declaraciones oficiales al respecto se singulariza, cuando se habla de estos mercados, en plantaciones forestales (\u201cplanted forests\u201d). Creo que ser\u00eda un error, y otro agravio, que se volviera a dejar fuera la opci\u00f3n de intercambiar en un mercado los cr\u00e9ditos asociados a la mejora en la gesti\u00f3n forestal. Esta idea, recogida en toda su literalidad en el Protocolo de Kyoto, no se ha implementado en mercados regulados, y creo que esta ser\u00eda una oportunidad magn\u00edfica de enmendar el error y, por tanto, incluirla en este mercado. No hay que olvidar que estos cr\u00e9ditos s\u00ed que se intercambian en los llamados mercados voluntarios. Si acabo de mencionar que ser\u00eda otro agravio su no inclusi\u00f3n, me refiero a que hist\u00f3ricamente las decisiones del IPCC no han favorecido a los bosques templados de los pa\u00edses desarrollados. Es como si los propietarios de estos predios estuvieran atrapados en una especie de pecado original seg\u00fan el cual son los responsables de la deforestaci\u00f3n en zonas tropicales. Es preciso recordar que, en su momento, se adopt\u00f3 como \u201chip\u00f3tesis\u201d, como si fuera algo extraordinariamente sesudo, la oxidaci\u00f3n instant\u00e1nea del carbono. Es decir, que cuando se corta un \u00e1rbol, todo el carbono almacenado se libera instant\u00e1nea y m\u00e1gicamente a la atm\u00f3sfera. Despu\u00e9s de muchos a\u00f1os se ha corregido este dislate acient\u00edfico (aceptado casi un\u00e1nimemente sin rubor), pero a costa de imponer unos per\u00edodos de permanencia del carbono en los productos extraordinariamente cortos en los usos de la madera con mayor precio unitario. Si despu\u00e9s de estos antecedentes, se vuelve a ignorar una herramienta tan potente como la gesti\u00f3n forestal para modular diferentes servicios ecosist\u00e9micos en los sistemas forestales, es que, como poco, tanto los integrantes de estas organizaciones transnacionales como otros correveidiles subvencionados y necios varios no han querido aprender nada sobre el carbono de origen forestal en estos \u00faltimos treinta a\u00f1os.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cFrom a global market perspective, the second major achievement of the EU ETS has been to establish a carbon price signal that is internalized by market players around the world \u201d. Ellerman et al.: Pricing Carbon. The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (2010) Hace no muchas horas ha finalizado la \u00faltima reuni\u00f3n anual de la [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3903,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_editorskit_title_hidden":false,"_editorskit_reading_time":0,"_editorskit_is_block_options_detached":false,"_editorskit_block_options_position":"{}","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[69,70,73,324],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3906","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cambio-climatico-pt-pt","category-carbono-pt-pt","category-gestion-forestal-pt-pt","category-servicios-ecosistemicos-pt-pt"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Un mercado global de carbono (COP 29) - Luis D\u00edaz Balteiro<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/balteiro.com\/pt-pt\/un-mercado-global-de-carbono-cop-29\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Un mercado global de carbono (COP 29) - Luis D\u00edaz Balteiro\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u201cFrom a global market perspective, the second major achievement of the EU ETS has been to establish a carbon price signal that is internalized by market players around the world \u201d. 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