{"id":3870,"date":"2024-11-11T20:43:57","date_gmt":"2024-11-11T18:43:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/balteiro.com\/?p=3870"},"modified":"2024-11-12T06:12:58","modified_gmt":"2024-11-12T04:12:58","slug":"valoracion-y-paisaje","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/balteiro.com\/pt-pt\/valoracion-y-paisaje\/","title":{"rendered":"Valoraci\u00f3n y Paisaje"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u201c<em>Among of the general purposes of forestry, one is to preserve and enhance the beauty of the landscape<\/em> \u201d. Joseph S. Illick: An Outline of General Forestry (1939)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El t\u00edtulo de esta entrada contiene dos conceptos que, en cierto sentido, se utilizan en diversas disciplinas o, si se quiere, incluso pueden ser polis\u00e9micos. Me interesa reflexionar sobre la uni\u00f3n de ambas: la valoraci\u00f3n del paisaje, siempre bajo un prisma econ\u00f3mico. N\u00f3tese que el origen etimol\u00f3gico de paisaje en distintos idiomas tiene que ver con la tierra, luego a priori podr\u00eda tener sentido valorar todo lo que est\u00e1 en dicha tierra, como es habitual en cualquier ejercicio de valoraci\u00f3n en un predio rural. Sin embargo, esta secuencia l\u00f3gica necesita de varias matizaciones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/balteiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Firefly-seeing-from-a-dron-a-forest-and-rocky-landscape-56842-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3865\" srcset=\"https:\/\/balteiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Firefly-seeing-from-a-dron-a-forest-and-rocky-landscape-56842-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/balteiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Firefly-seeing-from-a-dron-a-forest-and-rocky-landscape-56842-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/balteiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Firefly-seeing-from-a-dron-a-forest-and-rocky-landscape-56842-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/balteiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Firefly-seeing-from-a-dron-a-forest-and-rocky-landscape-56842-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/balteiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Firefly-seeing-from-a-dron-a-forest-and-rocky-landscape-56842-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/balteiro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Firefly-seeing-from-a-dron-a-forest-and-rocky-landscape-56842.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aunque no soy experto en temas directamente relacionados con el paisaje, no resulta complicado captar que es un concepto poli\u00e9drico que conlleva aspectos que van desde la ordenaci\u00f3n del territorio, la ecolog\u00eda, la est\u00e9tica, la relaci\u00f3n del hombre con su entorno o incluso de la escala que se utilice. Por ejemplo, en algunos pa\u00edses cuando se realiza una planificaci\u00f3n a gran escala espacial se la asocia a una escala de paisaje, pero un ciudadano se asoma a la ventana de su sal\u00f3n para contemplar un parque urbano tambi\u00e9n habla de paisaje. Por otro lado, muchas veces se utiliza el t\u00e9rmino \u201cvaloraci\u00f3n\u201d unido a la de paisaje no bajo una perspectiva econ\u00f3mica, sino m\u00e1s bien con el sentido de \u201cevaluaci\u00f3n\u201d, m\u00e1s dirigido a la planificaci\u00f3n territorial. Un claro ejemplo al respecto es el libro pionero de Antonio L\u00f3pez Lillo y \u00c1ngel Ramos titulado \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unebook.es\/es\/libro\/valoracion-del-paisaje-natural_160924\">Valoraci\u00f3n del Paisaje Natural<\/a>\u201d.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Soy consciente que hay gente que no concibe se analicen desde un prisma econ\u00f3mico temas relacionados con ciertos atributos como la belleza, la est\u00e9tica e incluso ciertos valores \u00e9ticos, pero la econom\u00eda ambiental ha hecho muchos progresos para justificar y defender que se realicen valoraciones de bienes y servicios que no presenten un precio de mercado. Es decir, valoraciones de lo que hoy se conocen como\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/balteiro.com\/pt-pt\/45-servicios-ecosistemicos-y-sistemas-forestales\/\">servicios ecosist\u00e9micos<\/a>. En el caso concreto del paisaje coinciden unas caracter\u00edsticas que son diametralmente opuestas a cualquier bien que podamos comprar en un mercado. As\u00ed, el paisaje se puede caracterizar como un bien p\u00fablico (su consumo por una persona no impide que otra persona puede hacer lo mismo simult\u00e1neamente) y como una externalidad positiva. En efecto, la gente, a igualdad de otras circunstancias, prefiere vivir en sitios con un paisaje con, por ejemplo, mejores atributos est\u00e9ticos que en uno de peor calidad. O, d\u00e1ndole la vuelta al argumento, si se modifica el estatus quo con relaci\u00f3n al paisaje donde vive una persona por la construcci\u00f3n de una obra p\u00fablica, se dir\u00eda que dicha infraestructura le ha supuesto una externalidad negativa. Pero, si hablamos de espacios abiertos, tambi\u00e9n presenta otra caracter\u00edstica singular: \u00bfc\u00f3mo se agregan las preferencias sobre la calidad del paisaje? Por ejemplo, y tocando un tema sensible en numerosas zonas rurales: ante una hipot\u00e9tica degradaci\u00f3n del paisaje por instalaciones de energ\u00edas renovables: \u00bfla opini\u00f3n de un vecino de la zona contar\u00eda lo mismo que la de un citadino que acude de paso por ese trayecto? Con estos ejemplos se pretende poner de manifiesto que se trata de un tema m\u00e1s complicado de lo que inicialmente se pudiera pensar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Llegados a este punto, alguien pudiera pensar que desde el punto de vista legislativo se aporta luz a la idea de si tiene sentido valorar econ\u00f3micamente el paisaje y, si la respuesta fuera afirmativa, c\u00f3mo se realizar\u00eda. La experiencia me indica que los aspectos legislativos y, sobre todo jur\u00eddicos, habitualmente no casan de forma \u00f3ptima con temas de valoraci\u00f3n ambiental. Un ejemplo rotundo se puede comprobar en la nefasta y sospechosamente olvidada sentencia del\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/balteiro.com\/pt-pt\/36_a-vueltas-con-la-sentencia-prestige\/\">Prestige<\/a>. Sin pretender ser exhaustivo, si se analizan las leyes del paisaje de las Comunidades Aut\u00f3nomas de Catalu\u00f1a y de Cantabria llama la atenci\u00f3n que en ambas textualmente se asocia el paisaje con valores econ\u00f3micos. Sin embargo, en ning\u00fan sitio se dice c\u00f3mo se pueden calcular o definir dichos valores econ\u00f3micos. Siguiendo con temas legales, la jurisprudencia a la hora de admitir en procesos judiciales la indemnizaci\u00f3n por da\u00f1os por lo que se denomina \u201cpaisaje privado\u201d es, hasta cierto punto contradictoria. Por un lado, ya desde hace tiempo, se ha desestimado la existencia de la titularidad de dicho paisaje privado (la titularidad ser\u00eda siempre p\u00fablica), pero por el lado de expropiaciones vinculadas a la construcci\u00f3n de infraestructuras, parece que en algunos casos se ha justificado que se a\u00f1ada este perjuicio en el c\u00e1lculo del justiprecio.\u00a0\u00a0Dejando a un lado estos vericuetos legales, lo que me interesa destacar es que, en diferentes \u00e1mbitos, se est\u00e1 reconociendo un valor econ\u00f3mico al paisaje o, al menos, a cambios en dicho paisaje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Obviamente, la pregunta ser\u00eda c\u00f3mo se realizar\u00eda dicha valoraci\u00f3n. A mi juicio, lo primero que habr\u00eda que discernir es si se ha producido o no un cambio (positivo o negativo) en las caracter\u00edsticas del caso de estudio, suponiendo que se tenga claro a lo que se denomina \u201cpaisaje\u201d. Lo segundo es a qu\u00e9 tipo de valores (de uso, de no uso, etc.) nos estamos refiriendo y, relacionado con ello, qu\u00e9 servicios ecosist\u00e9micos se deber\u00edan considerar. A partir de ah\u00ed, y dependiendo de otros factores, se hablar\u00eda de utilizar los m\u00e9todos pertinentes en cada caso (de mercado, de construcci\u00f3n de funciones de demanda o de metaan\u00e1lisis). De forma indirecta, lo arriba comentado conduce a una conclusi\u00f3n: se deben valorar aspectos del paisaje, no el paisaje en s\u00ed mismo. El paisaje aqu\u00ed deber\u00eda considerarse como un ente que engloba diversos valores y su valor total ser\u00eda el agregado de valores individuales calculados por separado. Es la misma hip\u00f3tesis que se hace a otras escalas, como cuando se realiza una valoraci\u00f3n en un predio forestal: no existe una valoraci\u00f3n global de un sistema forestal. La valoraci\u00f3n s\u00f3lo incluye un conjunto, m\u00e1s o menos peque\u00f1o, de servicios ecosist\u00e9micos que ofrece dicho sistema. Otra motivaci\u00f3n viene dada por el hecho, que subyace a lo reci\u00e9n explicado, que el paisaje no es un servicio ecosist\u00e9mico, como as\u00ed lo reconocen las\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/cices.eu\/\">clasificaciones<\/a>\u00a0m\u00e1s prolijas al respecto. Dicho de otra forma, se puede hablar en propiedad de \u201ceconom\u00eda del paisaje\u201d, como apuntan algunos autores, pero no tanto de \u201cvaloraci\u00f3n del paisaje\u201d. De hecho no conozco ning\u00fan texto de valoraci\u00f3n econ\u00f3mica que se pueda vincular a ese concepto, pero s\u00ed existen publicaciones hom\u00f3logas que a\u00f1aden al t\u00e9rmino valoraci\u00f3n otros conceptos: forestal, rural, agr\u00edcola, de la tierra, etc. En definitiva, nadie deber\u00eda esperar, desde el punto de vista de la valoraci\u00f3n ambiental, una soluci\u00f3n f\u00e1cil a un concepto ya de por si complejo.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cAmong of the general purposes of forestry, one is to preserve and enhance the beauty of the landscape \u201d. Joseph S. Illick: An Outline of General Forestry (1939) El t\u00edtulo de esta entrada contiene dos conceptos que, en cierto sentido, se utilizan en diversas disciplinas o, si se quiere, incluso pueden ser polis\u00e9micos. Me interesa [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3867,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_editorskit_title_hidden":false,"_editorskit_reading_time":0,"_editorskit_is_block_options_detached":false,"_editorskit_block_options_position":"{}","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[76,324,56],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3870","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-multifuncionalidad-pt-pt","category-servicios-ecosistemicos-pt-pt","category-valoracion-pt-pt"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Valoraci\u00f3n y Paisaje - Luis D\u00edaz Balteiro<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/balteiro.com\/pt-pt\/valoracion-y-paisaje\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Valoraci\u00f3n y Paisaje - Luis D\u00edaz Balteiro\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u201cAmong of the general purposes of forestry, one is to preserve and enhance the beauty of the landscape \u201d. Joseph S. Illick: An Outline of General Forestry (1939) El t\u00edtulo de esta entrada contiene dos conceptos que, en cierto sentido, se utilizan en diversas disciplinas o, si se quiere, incluso pueden ser polis\u00e9micos. 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Luis D\u00edaz Balteiro","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/balteiro.com\/pt-pt\/valoracion-y-paisaje\/","og_locale":"pt_PT","og_type":"article","og_title":"Valoraci\u00f3n y Paisaje - Luis D\u00edaz Balteiro","og_description":"\u201cAmong of the general purposes of forestry, one is to preserve and enhance the beauty of the landscape \u201d. Joseph S. Illick: An Outline of General Forestry (1939) El t\u00edtulo de esta entrada contiene dos conceptos que, en cierto sentido, se utilizan en diversas disciplinas o, si se quiere, incluso pueden ser polis\u00e9micos. 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