{"id":3086,"date":"2021-06-22T07:22:04","date_gmt":"2021-06-22T07:22:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/balteiro.com\/79_huella-forestal\/"},"modified":"2021-06-22T07:22:04","modified_gmt":"2021-06-22T07:22:04","slug":"79_huella-forestal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/balteiro.com\/pt-pt\/79_huella-forestal\/","title":{"rendered":"Huella Forestal (“forest footprint”)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

El t\u00e9rmino huella \u201cfootprint\u201d en ingl\u00e9s est\u00e1 siendo utilizado casi de forma masiva en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os en aspectos relacionados con la mitigaci\u00f3n del cambio clim\u00e1tico, con una utilizaci\u00f3n de diversos servicios ecosist\u00e9micos m\u00e1s conservadora en el sentido de no disminuir el capital natural asociado a los mismos y, en definitiva, y en un sentido amplio, con la sostenibilidad. Este boom se puede apreciar en m\u00faltiples escalas, tanto a nivel pa\u00eds (a trav\u00e9s de indicadores populares como el Environmental Footprint Index<\/a>), como a nivel sector industrial, a nivel producto, etc. Desde otro punto de vista, la medici\u00f3n y verificaci\u00f3n de estas huellas ha generado unos pr\u00f3speros servicios de intermediaci\u00f3n. Es muy f\u00e1cil hoy en d\u00eda encontrar referencias, experiencias, noticias y hasta malas pr\u00e1cticas (\u201cgreenwashing\u201d) relacionadas con el concepto mayoritario de huella de carbono, pero tambi\u00e9n con los de huella ecol\u00f3gica, huella del agua, huella ambiental de un determinado producto, etc. Incluso parece que hay una cierta \u201cfiebre\u201d por definir, caracterizar y emplear para diversos fines todo tipo de huellas de este estilo relacionadas con el medio ambiente, ya desde hace m\u00e1s de una d\u00e9cada, como bien se ilustra en el afamado libro de Berners-Lee<\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

No obstante, creo que en los actuales t\u00e9rminos en que se manejan estas huellas, no son excesivamente beneficiosas para los sistemas forestales, lo que no implica que en bajo algunas condiciones s\u00ed lo sean. Voy a ilustrar esto con alg\u00fan ejemplo. As\u00ed, existe una ampl\u00edsima coincidencia en incentivar el uso de la madera como material de construcci\u00f3n por presentar una huella de carbono menor que otros competidores (hormig\u00f3n, acero, etc.). La idea parece clara: si se apoya este tipo de materiales, las emisiones globales se reducir\u00e1n porque, se utilizar\u00e1n menos otros materiales en teor\u00eda m\u00e1s contaminantes, pero se incide en el impacto del producto. Conviene incidir en la l\u00f3gica de la medida: estamos buscando materiales que se aproximen lo m\u00e1s posible a un ut\u00f3pico ideal (en este caso, que no existan emisiones de carbono en los procesos productivos), y por ello buscamos soluciones que minimicen esa distancia a ese ideal. Esta l\u00f3gica se repite, en principio, en todos los objetivos del tipo \u201ccuanto menos mejor\u201d. As\u00ed, se busca lo que menos carbono emita, lo que menos agua consuma, aquello que tenga la menor huella ambiental, etc. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

La pregunta surge si nos preguntamos qu\u00e9 pasa con otros procesos asociados a servicios ecosist\u00e9micos forestales que sean del tipo \u201ccuanto m\u00e1s mejor\u201d. Si un bosque presenta mayor biodiversidad, fija m\u00e1s carbono, reduce m\u00e1s la erosi\u00f3n que sistemas no forestales, y, por otro lado, est\u00e1 asociado a servicios culturales intr\u00ednsecamente relacionados con su existencia, \u00bfc\u00f3mo medimos en este caso estas huellas \u201cpositivas\u201d, por ejemplo, asociadas a una determinada gesti\u00f3n forestal? La respuesta a esta pregunta es, en muchos casos, bien conocida en t\u00e9rminos econ\u00f3micos: estar\u00edamos ante un fallo de mercado y se catalogar\u00edan como externalidades positivas. Es decir, mientras que el caso anterior se podr\u00eda penalizar econ\u00f3micamente a empresas que superen una determinada huella de carbono en la fabricaci\u00f3n de un producto, o se podr\u00eda educar en esta l\u00ednea a los consumidores, en el caso de las externalidades positivas no existe un v\u00ednculo claro y un\u00e1nimemente aceptado para que usuarios finales de estos servicios ecosist\u00e9micos forestales reconozcan este hecho. Si se quisiera cuantificar de alguna forma dicho v\u00ednculo, se deber\u00eda ligar a una contabilidad exhaustiva de dichos servicios ecosist\u00e9micos y del capital natural asociado. A partir de ah\u00ed se podr\u00eda decidir, si es lo que se est\u00e1 buscando, como compensar a los sistemas forestales por esta huella positiva. Sin embargo, como estas cuentas no est\u00e1n disponibles a nivel de todo el pa\u00eds, ni est\u00e1 generalizado su empleo, una soluci\u00f3n plausible pudiera ser a trav\u00e9s de transferencias p\u00fablicas, o de ciertos impuestos ambientales, o que los usuarios abonen ciertas cantidades por un uso, bien sea activo o pasivo. La realidad es que nos est\u00e1n permanentemente bombardeando, desde distintas \u00f3pticas, con un indicador que refleja el menor impacto negativo de un producto desde un punto de vista ambiental (huella de carbono), pero, simult\u00e1neamente, no se dispone de un equivalente asociado a otros servicios ecosist\u00e9micos de regulaci\u00f3n o culturales propios de los sistemas forestales, y que proporcionan impactos positivos en la poblaci\u00f3n. A esta idea la denomino \u201chuella forestal\u201d, y presenta notables diferencias con las otras huellas. En el caso de la huella de carbono, su impacto lo puede asumir total o parcialmente el \u00e1mbito productivo y los consumidores a trav\u00e9s de su libre elecci\u00f3n de los productos que consumen. Sin embargo, en el caso de esta huella forestal a priori no se sabe si alguien deber\u00eda pagar alguna cantidad, qui\u00e9nes ser\u00edan los que deber\u00edan hacerlo, si se discrimina en funci\u00f3n de los atributos asociados a los distintos servicios ecosist\u00e9micos, etc. En definitiva, el sistema pretende penalizar los impactos negativos y, simult\u00e1neamente, no premiar los impactos positivos, o que el Estado se apropie indebidamente de alguno de ellos, como es el caso de la captura de carbono. La pregunta que surge es inmediata: \u00bfesto es justo? \u00bfes la manera de ayudar a las zonas rurales? Para ilustrar esta idea, propongo una comparaci\u00f3n con un tema candente: si los consumidores aceptan que se deba pagar un peaje por circular en autov\u00edas con el fin de acogerse a los principios de quien contamina paga y quien usa, tambi\u00e9n paga, \u00bfno se deber\u00eda implantar algo similar en zonas rurales? \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 en este caso no se paga el uso y disfrute de un sistema forestal? En definitiva, ver esta huella forestal como una forma de dotar de recursos a las zonas rurales donde se encuentran estos sistemas forestales ser\u00eda un primer paso para una justicia interterritorial que debe existir entre el mundo rural y urbano y que, desafortunadamente, se ha perdido por la avaricia colonialista<\/a> de ciertos urbanitas organizados en distintos estratos, la mayor\u00eda acient\u00edficos, y apoyada sin l\u00edmite por los actuales poderes p\u00fablicos.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

El t\u00e9rmino huella \u201cfootprint\u201d en ingl\u00e9s est\u00e1 siendo utilizado casi de forma masiva en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os en aspectos relacionados con la mitigaci\u00f3n del cambio clim\u00e1tico, con una utilizaci\u00f3n de diversos servicios ecosist\u00e9micos m\u00e1s conservadora en el sentido de no disminuir el capital natural asociado a los mismos y, en definitiva, y en un sentido […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1009,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_theme","format":"standard","meta":{"_editorskit_title_hidden":false,"_editorskit_reading_time":0,"_editorskit_is_block_options_detached":false,"_editorskit_block_options_position":"{}","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[94,70,98,90,74],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3086","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biodiversidad-pt-pt","category-carbono-pt-pt","category-economia-forestal-pt-pt","category-sector-forestal-pt-pt","category-sostenibilidad-pt-pt"],"yoast_head":"\nHuella Forestal ("forest footprint") - 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